文档易访问性概述

Adding structural 元素 such as section headings, 间距, 和 breaks can enhance the readability of a document. 但是没有 通过编程可决定的 元素, the structure will only have visual value making the document inaccessible to screen readers. 通过编程可决定的 means information has been  programmed into the document for use by screen readers. A fully accessible document has an effective visual structure that is also 通过编程可决定的.

• Identifying headings gives screen readers checkpoints throughout the document. 没有他们, a student using a screen reader will have to navigate the document line by line to find the information they need.
• 标题 should create an outline of the page content 和 be leveled accordingly.
  • 标题1是主标题, 标题2是副标题的第一级, 标题3是副标题的第二级, 等等.
  • 标题级别应按以下顺序使用(i.e. Heading 1, then 2, then 3) 和 levels should not be skipped.

• 如果使用得当, 负空间, 也称为“留白”,” can make it easier for sighted readers to navigate the document 和 process the information.
  • Documents that don’t have 负空间 can be overwhelming or difficult to follow.
• 负空间也需要 通过编程可决定的 所以屏幕阅读器知道忽略它.
  • 空白字符可能会造成视觉上的负空间, but a screen reader will identify them as characters 和 attempt to rely the information to the user.
  • 制造负空间 通过编程可决定的, use built-in tools like margins, columns, or page 和 section breaks.

• 列表不仅可以组织信息, they also help create 负空间s allowing for better visual processing.
• Using built-in tools to create lists makes the lists 通过编程可决定的.
• 有序列表(e).g. numbered lists) should have a hierarchy or process associated with the order.
• 无序列表(i.e. bulleted lists) should be for information that has no specific order.

As readability is at the heart of document accessibility, the goal when creating an accessible document is that it can be read by anyone regardless of their ability. 因此, 字体(字体), 大小, color, 和 style need to be used in ways that do not impede the readability of the document in any way.

• 选择像Aria或Calibri这样的无衬线字体
  • Serif or script fonts can be difficult to read for many readers especially people with visual processing disorders 和 English Language Learners.

• Choose a 大小 that best suites the purpose of the document.
  • If the physical document is to be distributed for individual use, 字体不应小于11pt.
  • If the physical document is to be displayed, the text should be no smaller than 18pt.
  • If the document is a part of a presentation, the text should be no smaller than 28pt.

选择符合的颜色 色彩对比指南

• Use colors purposefully 和 consistently; color should add visual value 和 fit with the general color scheme of the document.
• Any value relayed by color needs to be conveyed through text-styles or additional context.

• Use the strong 和 emphasis styles instead of inaccessible bold 和 italics.
  • 强和强调将编码文本，所以它是 通过编程可决定的
  • Underline 和 strikethrough are also inaccessible to screen readers 和 should be avoided or supported with other text-styles.

• 为 数字文件, display links as short phrases that indicate their intended destination or purpose.
• 为 physical documents, identify the link 和 display the full address.
  • 对于长链接，使用URL缩短服务.

Visuals like tables, charts, 和 images can be valuable instructional tools; therefore, 备选文本和长描述 is essential to help readers who are blind or have limited/low vision underst和 the image 和 its value. 清晰的布局设计 和 色彩对比指南 should be used maintain visual accessibility while utilizing titles, 标签, 和 captions helps all readers identify the visual.

• Almost all images need to be supported with sufficient text description.
  • 替代文本(Alt-文本) is a brief description of the value of the image in its intended context. 
  • If the image is more complex, additional description (长描述)，以完全支持该图像. 
  • Occasionally, images hold no value beyond the visual. In these few instances, images can be marked as decorative.

• 图表或图形应作为图表插入.
  • Images of charts don’t provide the same level of context needed to make charts fully accessible.
• 所有图表都需要 替代文本 that briefly summarizes the main trends in the chart 和 长描述 这是完整的数据.
  • 提供数据表就足够了.

• 表及其相关内容需要 通过编程可决定的.
  • Tables should be created or labeled as tables 和 not included as images.
  • All tables should have headers for easier navigation.
• Tables in documents should have a simple structure.
  • Document creation 和 editing software does not support the use of complex tables.